Localized patrilineal lineages, some of which have "brother" lineages of the same or different name in other parts of Acholi, have long been the fundamental social and economic units in Acholi. LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi Movement. Following the the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), echoing some of the spiritual themes used by the Holy Spirit The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. encompasses the six closely related languages Acholi, Adhola, Alur, Kumam, Lango and This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. Domestic Unit. InThe Roots of Ethnicity, Ronald R. Atkinson argues that although colonial rule and its aftermath have played a major role in shaping the particular manifestati. "Acholi-Arab Nubian Relations in the Nineteenth Century." Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek, published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated to English. By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland. Identification. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. The chiefs traditionally came from one clan, and each chiefdom had several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. [10] Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. Milton Obote (196271, 198085). The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . Location. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. Under Ugandan Pres. Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. 30 Chiefly authority was however not absolute, as power was shared with lineage elders ( ladit kaka) and political authority was mainly vested in [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. Dholuo The LRA received much of its financial, logistical and military support from the Khartoum government in neighbouring Sudan. This complex process was helped along by two major droughts, probably during the 1720s and c. 1790, which promoted larger-scale political leadership that held the promise of greater stability and security, and by the formation of neighboring identities against which members of an emergent Acholi could compete, compare, and define themselves. Men have also traditionally played a significant role in agriculture, especially for such time-limited, labor-intensive tasks as clearing, planting, and harvesting (often as part of lineage-based cooperative labor teams). 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the
PDF "Acholi Youth Are Lost": Young, Christian and (A)political in Uganda POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The presumed nominal forebears of the present-day Acholi group migrated South to Northern Uganda from the area now known as Bahr el Ghazal in South Sudan by about 1,000 AD. Bor Lango They were also against the power consolidation approach of the NRA, which included mass arrest, torturing, killing, cattle raiding, food crop destruction, and looting and burning of villages. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 19:17. 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion The Acholi resisted the establishment of the 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. (1988). Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. Though some sense of a community and identity has persisted among residents, the area is characterized by substandard housing, poor environmental health and limited livelihood opportunities. PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. For example, among Acholi, husbands pay a bride price to their wives fathers, and this payment supports the traditional belief that women are the property of the husband, since a payment was made for her. But when Idi Amin overthrew Obotes first spell in power, and when Yoweri Musevini ousted Okello, the Acholi paid heavily for their allegiances. families living together in hamlets. During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. The largest political unit was the tribal section, regarded as the geographical nation. PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms.
Like Tattered Grass Beneath Warring Elephants: The Destruction of the were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. aimed at achieving clearly-defined political goals, which typically benefit the interests of their members. (1936). and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. 23 Feb. 2023
. Political Organization. The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Science and Sustaining the Gains as PEPFAR Turns Twenty This report is a record of the virtual summit organized by the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Uganda for its stakeholders; Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) including its Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP), implementing partners, and . Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." Divorce, which can occur for numerous reasons, is not uncommon and may or may not involve return of the bride-wealth; children, as members of the father's lineage, usually either stay with the father or return to him later. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda - Unizin However, the date of retrieval is often important. traditional local forms of organisation were based on smaller units, often only consisting of During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms With colonial rule Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Uma, F. K. (1971). It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. This term then A Study of the Acooli Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. The Acholi Traditional Approach to Justice and the War in Northern Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. This paper is a case study analysis of the sociological phenomena of forgiveness occurring in an ongoing two-decade war in northern Uganda. Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. The Luo, (also spelled Lwo) are several ethnically and linguistically related Nilo-Semitic ethnic groups that inhabit an area ranging from Egypt and Sudan to South Sudan and Ethiopia, through Northern Uganda and eastern Congo (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara Region of Tanzania. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. "The Ancestral Shrine of the Acholi." Luo peoples - Wikipedia B. Webster, eds. last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. Acholi people - Wikipedia their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. In . Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. Classics in African Anthropology - International African Institute State | Definition, History, Figures, & Facts | Britannica The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. Relatively small numbers of Acholi have filled middle-level or senior civil-service positions in independent Uganda. The Southern Lwoo language group These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. of as dialects of Acholi. Tonga development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. time was critical to the social and political development of the region. Further tidying up and smoothing over the grave take place within the week. At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. Even in this . It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. This cookie is set by Youtube. We hope you find it interesting. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. limited wealth in the society and redistribution. Conflict. The first leader was Kuturia as mentioned The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). Traditionally, a young man was dependent upon his lineage head and elders both for permission to marry and for the material goods required for bride-wealth; elders of the woman's lineage were also much involved in the discussions and negotiations surrounding the marriage. Political organisation - Wikipedia of the West Nile, to the north by the South Sudan, to the east by the Karamojong region, to the, 23 Each Ugandan district has a language board responsible for implementing policies on indigenous language. It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. a civil resistance movement started forming in the region. The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. areas of the Buganda Kingdom and their main trading routes extended eastwards towards Kenya, In the precolonial era, warfare, herding, and hunting were the domain of men. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. Despite their common language and ethnic designation, the Acholi of Uganda and the southern Sudan have distinct origins and developed along different historical trajectories; the remainder of this cultural summary will focus on the more populous Uganda Acholi. Updates? (1976). social control in the area. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. Kasozi, A. 61). As some of these languages show some form The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. Identification. Acholi | Encyclopedia.com Situated 1,025 to 1,350 meters above sea level, the Acholi landscape is typical East African game countryrolling grasslands with scattered trees, streams, and rock outcrops. Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) the hands of Arabs, this prompted Acholi not to accept any foreigners on their land any "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? With the coming of the ivory Acholiland or "Acoli-land" (also known as the Acholi sub-region) is a necessarily inexact ethnolinguistic taxonomy that refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. element of the social and political environment of the region. Western Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Southern Nilotic, Burun Lwoo Nuer-Dinka Teso-Turkana Bari Maa-Lotuko, North South "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). When Britain established its rule during the early twentieth century, both ideological predisposition and practical utility prompted the colonizers to consider the Acholi a "tribe" and to administer the area as a "tribal" unit. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. ." The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster colonial times, were the Acholi stood often in opposition to the British colonial rule, the starting century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda - JSTOR Anywa Adhola Numbering between 400 and 500 by the turn of the twentieth century, these exogamous groups claim descent from a common ancestor (although means exist to incorporate many types of "outsiders" as well) and have special lineage shrines, ritual ceremonies, praise-calls, and totems. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and the et al., 1972; Heine & Knig, 2010) and Chopi (Storch, 2005) as individual languages, instead Rwot, 'ruler'). into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and - CORE The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. Social Organization. Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been (1955). According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. PDF Publications | International IDEA Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. At its peak in 2005 over Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. connected and intertwined chiefdoms. 26). T(h)uri Kumam Bride-wealth has varied over time but has usually included iron objects, domestic animals, and, in the twentieth century, money. Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just before the outbreak of civil war in 1986. Women also provide major labor in the fields, as well as being responsible for most child rearing and all cooking and other food-preparation tasks. A company limited by guarantee in the UK no. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". London: James Currey. Marriage. Acholi | people | Britannica In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. // [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. This included both agricultural and hunting land. passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to NRA in 1986. "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds.
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