cherokee in the united states readworks answer key

Native Americans were registered on the Dawes Rolls and allotted land from the common reserve. B. 5. ReadWorks Answers Key 2023 [FREE ACCESS] [12], The Cherokee Nation has more than 300,000 tribal members, making it the largest of the 574 federally recognized tribes in the United States. Sometimes there were cultural Another theory is that the Cherokee had been in the Southeast for thousands of years and that proto-Iroquoian developed here. They were frequently at war with the Iroquois tribes of New York but proved generally valuable allies for the British against the French. A zooplankton would most likely eat. The Moravians and later Congregationalist missionaries ran boarding schools, and a select few students were educated at the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions school in Connecticut. Some of their mixed-race children, who were raised in Native American cultures, later became significant leaders among the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast.[42]. Hundreds of other Cherokee committed suicide due to their losses and disfigurement from the disease. [citation needed], The United Keetoowah Band tribal council unanimously passed a resolution to approach the Cherokee Nation for a joint council meeting between the two Nations, as a means of "offering the olive branch", in the words of the UKB Council. The Cherokee considered warfare a polluting activity. Pardo and his forces wintered over at Joara, building Fort San Juan there in 1567. By the 16th cent., the Cherokee had a settled, advanced culture based on agriculture. [48] The reservation boundaries extended from north of the Arkansas River to the southern bank of the White River. a Cherokee woman and two Cherokee men in the mid 1900s Many people around the world have fought throughout history for men and women to be treated equally. [44] Sequoyah's syllabary was adopted. Together with Harrah's Cherokee Casino and Hotel, Cherokee Indian Hospital and Cherokee Boys Club, the tribe generated $78 million dollars in the local economy in 2005. v. Cherokee Nation Registrar. It publishes the Cherokee Phoenix, the tribal newspaper, in both English and Cherokee, using the Sequoyah syllabary. 2022 Sandbox Networks Inc. All rights reserved. The Cherokee were victorious in the Battle of Taliwa. He is considered to be one of the greatest leaders in the nation's history. His interpreter and protg Chief John Ross, the descendant of several generations of Cherokee women and Scots fur-traders, built a plantation and operated a trading firm and a ferry at Ross' Landing (Chattanooga, Tennessee). PDF Readworks Org Answer Key Slavery "[65] Both before and after the Civil War, some Cherokee intermarried or had relationships with African Americans, just as they had with whites. Major Ridge moved his family to Rome, Georgia, where he built a substantial house, developed a large plantation and ran a ferry on the Oostanaula River. Cuming arranged to take seven prominent Cherokee, including Attakullakulla, to London, England. Cherokee - Wikipedia However, since the fairly recent addition of the Cherokee syllables to Unicode, the Cherokee language is experiencing a renaissance in its use on the Internet. [47], In 1802, the federal government promised to extinguish Indian titles to lands claimed by Georgia in return for Georgia's cession of the western lands that became Alabama and Mississippi. The Cherokee - ReadWorks [29] Ethnographer James Mooney, who studied and talked with the Cherokee in the late 1880s, was the first to trace the decline of the former hierarchy to this revolt. % Moytoy's son, Amo-sgasite (Dreadful Water), attempted to succeed him as "Emperor" in 1741, but the Cherokee elected their own leader, Conocotocko (Old Hop) of Chota.[37]. [109] On January 14, 2011, the tribal district court ruled that the 2007 constitutional amendment was invalid because it conflicted with the 1866 treaty guaranteeing the Freedmen's rights.[110]. The UKB are mostly descendants of "Old Settlers", also called Western Cherokee: those who migrated from the Southeast to Arkansas and Oklahoma in about 1817, prior to Indian Removal. [40], King George III's Royal Proclamation of 1763 forbade British settlements west of the Appalachian crest, as his government tried to afford some protection from colonial encroachment to the Cherokee and other tribes they depended on as allies. [22] There is a consensus among most specialists in Southeast archeology and anthropology about these dates. The American Civil War was devastating for both East and Western Cherokee. In what parts of the United States did the Cherokee live in the 1700s? ", The Cherokee eventually migrated as far north as the Missouri Bootheel by 1816. In return for their lands, the Cherokee were promised a large tract in the Indian Territory, $5 million, and $300,000 for improvements on their new lands. Literacy was aided by the invention of a Cherokee syllabic alphabet by Sequoyah. A group of Cherokee traditionalists led by Di'wali moved to Spanish Texas in 1819. Its 85 characters, representing the syllables of the Cherokee language, permitted the keeping of tribal records and, later, the publication of newspapers. Close to 6,000, the descendants of the few who successfully resisted removal or returned after the removal, live on the Eastern Cherokee (Qualla) reservation in W North Carolina. [96] Of the 12,000 people enrolled in the tribe, 11,000 live in Oklahoma. In the 1700's, the Cherokee lived mainly in the southern and south central part of what is now the United States. Convinced the tribe's survival required English-speaking leaders who could negotiate with the U.S., the legislature appointed John Ross as Principal Chief. [13] In addition, numerous groups claim Cherokee lineage, and some of these are state-recognized. But, most if not all TCAB descendants did have an ancestor listed on either the Guion-Miller or Old settler rolls. [102] Cherokee Nation spokesman Mike Miller has suggested that some groups, which he calls Cherokee Heritage Groups, are encouraged. It ended in 1717 with peace treaties between the colony of South Carolina and the Creek. Below are suggested changes. In June 1830, a delegation led by Chief Ross defended Cherokee rights before the U.S. Supreme Court in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia. The modern Cherokee Nation, in recent times, has expanded economically, providing equality and prosperity for its citizens. How many federally recognized tribes exists in the United States? . Because they had already migrated from Indian Territory at the time of the Dawes Commission, their ancestors were not recorded on the Final Rolls of the Five Civilized Tribes, which serve as the basis for tracing descent for many individuals. [67], The Qualla Arts and Crafts Mutual, Inc., of Cherokee, North Carolina is the oldest continuing Native American art co-operative. Boudinot published the first edition of the bilingual 'Cherokee Phoenix,' the first American Indian newspaper, in February 1828. Accept any . Development and settlers followed the railroads. The holt mcdougal united states government answers it is very easy then back currently we. Before 1975, they were considered part of the Cherokee Nation, as reflected in briefs filed before the Indian Claims Commission. [81] By the time of removal in the mid-1830s, Cherokee men and women had begun to fulfill different roles and expectations as defined by the "civilization" program promoted by US presidents Washington and Jefferson. The successful cultivation of corn surpluses allowed the rise of larger, more complex chiefdoms consisting of several villages and concentrated populations during this period. Hostility and sporadic raids between the Cherokee and Creek continued for decades. This custom does not belong originally to the Cherokees, but taken by them from the Shawnese, or other northern nations. The Cherokee National Council, led by John Ross, fled to Red Clay, a remote valley north of Georgia's land claim. There a succession of Iroquoian-speaking tribes were encountered by Europeans in historic times. Cherokees Questions and Answers How did adopting elements of white culture impact the traditional practices of the Cherokees? apartments under $800 in delaware / innsbrook golf course dress code / cherokee in the united states readworks answer key. His successor Mirabeau Lamar sent militia to evict them in 1839. Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory. Enrollment in the tribe is limited to people with a quarter or more of Cherokee blood. These ideas were largely incorporated into the 1827 Cherokee constitution. The Cherokee adopted some parts of American culture and technology. But the Cherokee people have long believed in the high importance and value of Cherokee women. "Cherokee Ancestry Search Cherokee Genealogy by City", (Pre-convention 1999) Oral and Written Testimonies, "Nero v. Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, 892 F.2d 1457 | Casetext Search + Citator", Cherokee Constitutional Amendment March 3, 2007, "Nash, et al v. Cherokee Nation Registrar", "Judge grants Cherokee citizenship to non-Indian freedmen", "Father and Cherokee Tradition Molded Will Rogers", "Unrecognized Cherokee claims cause problems for nation. In 1730, at Nikwasi, a Cherokee town and Mississippian culture site, a Scots adventurer, Sir Alexander Cuming, crowned Moytoy of Tellico as "Emperor" of the Cherokee. The CN controls Cherokee Nation Entertainment, Cherokee Nation Industries, and Cherokee Nation Businesses. 2545, Doublass (1912) p. 44. The United States has two main political parties that work to get their candidates elected. He exported cotton to England, and owned a steamboat on the Tennessee River.[43]. [9], California: large ethnic diaspora community, 22,124 registered tribal members[3]North Carolina: 16,158 (0.2%)[4] Oklahoma: 102,580 (2.7%) extends to nearby Arkansas, Kansas and Missouri[4], The Cherokee language is part of the Iroquoian language group. The Cherokee (/trki, trki/;[7][8] Cherokee: , romanized:Aniyvwiyai or Anigiduwagi, or Cherokee: , romanized:Tsalagi) are one of the indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands of the United States. In 1735, the Cherokee were said to have sixty-four towns and villages, with an estimated fighting force of 6,000 men. The deerskin trade was no longer feasible on their greatly reduced lands, and over the next several decades, the people of the fledgling Cherokee Nation began to build a new society modeled on the white Southern United States. stream Cherokee in the United States.pdf - Cherokee in the United In 1721, the Cherokee ceded lands in South Carolina. They passed Jim Crow laws that divided society into "white" and "colored", mostly to control freedmen. During the Mississippian culture-period (1000 to 1500 CE in the regional variation known as the South Appalachian Mississippian culture), local women developed a new variety of maize (corn) called eastern flint corn. "Old Settlers", the first of the Cherokee to make their way to what would eventually become Indian Territory (modern day Oklahoma). Question 5 30 seconds Q. Samuel Worcester campaigned on behalf of the Cherokee in New England, where their cause was taken up by Ralph Waldo Emerson (see Emerson's 1838 letter to Martin Van Buren). Na gitli ganvgi. Lincoln also helped to end slavery in the country. The Cherokee living along the Oconaluftee River in the Great Smoky Mountains were the most conservative and isolated from EuropeanAmerican settlements. The Overhill Cherokee occupied towns along the lower Little Tennessee River and upper Tennessee River on the western side of the Appalachian Mountains, in present-day southeastern Tennessee. Because of the polysynthetic nature of the Cherokee language, new and descriptive words in Cherokee are easily constructed to reflect or express modern concepts. One is that the Cherokee, an Iroquoian-speaking people, are relative latecomers to Southern Appalachia, who may have migrated in late prehistoric times from northern areas around the Great Lakes. In 1839, as President of the Western Cherokee, Sequoyah signed an Act of Union with John Ross that reunited the two groups of the Cherokee Nation. On December 29, 1835, the "Ridge Party" signed the Treaty of New Echota, stipulating terms and conditions for the removal of the Cherokee Nation. Evans, E. Raymond. One exception to this may be the Texas Cherokee. He lived in a self-imposed exile in Philadelphia, supporting the Union. William Penn Adair, Cherokee delegate to U.S. Congress, 1866. This was seen as necessary before the Oklahoma and Indian territories could be admitted as a combined state. Chief James Vann opened a tavern, inn and ferry across the Chattahoochee and built a cotton-plantation on a spur of the road from Athens, Georgia to Nashville. The reservation, the "Qualla Boundary", has a population of over 8,000 Cherokee, primarily direct descendants of Indians who managed to avoid "The Trail of Tears". They were agrarian, lived in permanent villages, and had begun to adopt some cultural and technological practices of the white settlers. [100] Currently, descendants of the Dawes Cherokee Freedman rolls are members of the tribe, pending court decisions. The 1830s discovery of gold in Cherokee territory resulted in pressure by whites to obtain their lands. In addition, the society was matrifocal; customarily, a married couple lived with or near the woman's family, so she could be aided by her female relatives. cherokee in the united states readworks answer key sentence. % D. The economy became very bad and the Great Depression started. James Mooney in the late 19th century recorded conversations with elders who recounted an oral tradition of the Cherokee people migrating south from the Great Lakes region in ancient times. After being ravaged by smallpox, and feeling pressure from European settlers, the Cherokee adopted a European-American Representative democracy form of government in an effort to retain their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. In 1819, the Cherokee began holding council meetings at New Town, at the headwaters of the Oostanaula (near present-day Calhoun, Georgia). The Crown found the ruling difficult to enforce with colonists.[40]. Dragging Canoe and his band settled along Chickamauga Creek near present-day Chattanooga, Tennessee, where they established 11 new towns. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. They established a governmental system modeled on that of the United States, with an elected principal chief, senate, and house of representatives. When the Cherokee government ceded all territory east of the Little Tennessee River to North Carolina in 1819, they withdrew from the Nation. We've got you covered with our map collection. The earliest ones of the mid-16th century encountered peoples of the Mississippian culture era, who were ancestral to tribes that emerged in the Southeast, such as the Cherokee, Muscogee, Cheraw, and Catawba. [85], As the Cherokee began to adopt some European-American customs, they began to purchase enslaved African Americans to serve as workers on their farms or plantations, which some of the elite families had in the antebellum years. The Cherokee organized a national government under Principal Chiefs Little Turkey (17881801), Black Fox (18011811), and Pathkiller (18111827), all former warriors of Dragging Canoe. strong disagreement or bad feeling between people. the President of the United States and the United States Congress in 1993 A day to celebrate the life and dream of Martin Luther King, Jr. Cherokee in the United States Cherokee in the United States by ReadWorks William Penn Adair, Cherokee delegate to U.S. Congress, 1866 A very long time ago, before the United States even existed, the land was already home to a wide variety of different American Indian tribes. endobj where they lived." The earliest Spanish transliteration of the name, from 1755, is recorded as Tchalaquei, but it dates to accounts related to the Hernando de Soto expedition in the mid-16th century. Copyright 2023, Columbia University Press. [57] Worcester v. Georgia is considered one of the most important dicta in law dealing with Native Americans. PDF Political Parties - READWORKS PASSAGES - Instructions PDF Everyday Energy Quiz and Answer Key - READWORKS PASSAGES By contrast, a large portion of the settlers encroaching on the Native American territories were Scotch-Irish, Irish from Ulster who were of Scottish descent and had been part of the plantation of Ulster. [58], John Ross gathered over 15,000 signatures for a petition to the U.S. Senate, insisting that the treaty was invalid because it did not have the support of the majority of the Cherokee people. President Andrew Jackson refused to intervene, and in 1838 the tribe was deported to the Indian Territory (now in Oklahoma). His landslide reelection in 1832 emboldened calls for Cherokee removal. They lived interspersed among the Delawares and Shawnees of that area. Over 400 Cherokee either hid from Federal troops in the remote Snowbird Mountains, under the leadership of Tsali (),[63] or belonged to the former Valley Towns area around the Cheoah River who negotiated with the state government to stay in North Carolina. The Tuscarora War marked the beginning of a British-Cherokee relationship that, despite breaking down on occasion, remained strong for much of the 18th century. Not sure about the geography of the middle east? %PDF-1.3 "[91] This definition to limit rights of multiracial descendants may have been more widely held among the elite than the general population.[92]. The UKB operate a tribal casino, bingo hall, smokeshop, fuel outlets, truck stop, and gallery that showcases art and crafts made by tribal members. Posted by ; gatsby lies about his wealth quote; On May 14, 2007, the Cherokee Freedmen were reinstated as citizens of the Cherokee Nation by the Cherokee Nation Tribal Courts through a temporary order and temporary injunction until the court reached its final decision. Thousands died on the march, known as the Trail of Tears, or from subsequent hardships. Suggested answer: Some slaves ran away to meet the northern army and join them in fighting against the southern army. [51] In the Treaty of St. Louis (1825), the Osage were made to "cede and relinquish to the United States, all their right, title, interest, and claim, to lands lying within the State of Missouri and Territory of Arkansas" to make room for the Cherokee and the Mashcoux, Muscogee Creeks. On March 3, 2007, a constitutional amendment was passed by a Cherokee vote limiting citizenship to Cherokees on the Dawes Rolls for those listed as Cherokee by blood on the Dawes roll, which did not include partial Cherokee descendants of slaves, Shawnee and Delaware. After the Civil War, the U.S. government required the Cherokee Nation to sign a new treaty, because of its alliance with the Confederacy. Cherokees constitute over 2% of population of three largely rural communities in CaliforniaCovelo, Hayfork and San Miguel, one town in Oregon and one town in Arizona. The Cherokee allied with the U.S. against the nativist and pro-British Red Stick faction of the Upper Creek in the Creek War during the War of 1812. The first Treaty of Tellico Blockhouse, signed November 7, 1794, finally brought peace between the Cherokee and Americans, who had achieved independence from the British Crown. [19] It is possible the word "Cherokee" comes from a Muscogee Creek word meaning people of different speech, because the two peoples spoke different languages.[20]. Contemporary notable Cherokee people are listed in the articles for the appropriate tribe. A. the history of human energy use in the United States B. the ways in which potential energy is converted to kinetic energy C. the best reasons to build new dams in the American Southwest D. the consequences of drought for people who rely on dams 3. The purpose of this redefinition was to push European social standards and norms on the Cherokee people. PDF Your Government and You Lesson Answer Key - USCIS What were called the Lower towns were found in what is present-day western Oconee County, South Carolina, along the Keowee River (called the Savannah River in its lower portion). Jackson ignored the Supreme Court's ruling, as he needed to conciliate Southern sectionalism during the era of the Nullification Crisis. On April 10, 1810 the seven Cherokee clans met and began the abolition of blood vengeance by giving the sacred duty to the new Cherokee National government. His son 'Rich Joe' Vann developed the plantation to 800 acres (3.2km2), cultivated by 150 slaves. [10] They occupied territories where earthwork platform mounds were built by peoples during the earlier Woodland and Mississippian culture periods. This was a way to protect the families of men expected to be leaders of the tribe.[76]. Moytoy agreed to recognize King George II of Great Britain as the Cherokee protector. In 1891 the Cherokee sold their western territorial extension, known as the Cherokee Strip; in 1902 they approved the division of the reservation into allotments; and in 1906 tribal sovereignty was abolished. The 'Cherokee triumvirate' of James Vann and his protgs The Ridge and Charles R. Hicks advocated acculturation, formal education, and modern methods of farming. While most Mount Tabor residents returned to the Cherokee Nation after the Civil War and following the death of John Ross in 1866, in the 21st century, there is a sizable group that is well documented but outside that body. Results for 3 branches of government reading passage - TeachersPayTeachers To convince the Cherokee to move voluntarily in 1815, the US government established a Cherokee Reservation in Arkansas. The Dawes Act of 1887 provided for the breakup of commonly held tribal land into individual household allotments. The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. The section of the Constitution that lists the 6 purposes of the Constitution is called: a. Preamble. He recorded meeting Cherokee-speaking people who visited him while he stayed at the Joara chiefdom (north of present-day Morganton, North Carolina). In the U.S. Civil War their allegiance was divided between North and South, with large contingents serving on each side. In 1776, allied with the Shawnee led by Cornstalk, Cherokee attacked settlers in South Carolina, Georgia, Virginia, and North Carolina in the Second Cherokee War. It may have originally been derived from one of the competitive tribes in the area. PDF U.S. Presidents: Abraham Lincoln - Miss Kerri's Classes Homepage ", Smithsonian Institution Cherokee photos and documents, Cherokee Heritage Documentation Center Genealogy and Culture, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cherokee&oldid=1142406289. The Spanish recorded a Chalaque people as living around the Keowee River, where western North Carolina, South Carolina, and northeastern Georgia meet. [71] In 2012, the Fine Art degree program at OICA was incorporated into Southwestern Community College and moved to the SCC Swain Center, where it continues to operate.[72]. He believes that the origin of the proto-Iroquoian language was likely the Appalachian region, and the split between Northern and Southern Iroquoian languages began 4,000 years ago.[11]. When the Cherokee were forcibly removed on the Trail of Tears, they took slaves with them, and acquired others in Indian Territory.[86]. These are known informally as the CherokeeAmerican wars, but this is not a historian's term. CNI is a very large defense contractor that creates thousands of jobs in eastern Oklahoma for Cherokee citizens. The ears are slit and stretched to an enormous size, putting the person who undergoes the operation to incredible pain, being unable to lie on either side for nearly forty days. 900 seconds. In keeping with the tribe's "blood law" that prescribed the death penalty for Cherokee who sold lands, Ross's son arranged the murder of the leaders of the "Treaty Party". << /Length 8 0 R /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 620 /Height 815 /Interpolate The Cherokee Nation then amended their 1975 constitution to not require BIA approval. Tribal entities still exist, however, and many Oklahoma Cherokee live on tribal landholdings. [55] There is, however, ample evidence that the Cherokee were adapting to modern farming techniques. According to anthropologist Charles M. Hudson, the Pardo expedition also recorded encounters with Muskogean-speaking peoples at Chiaha in southeastern modern Tennessee. By a new treaty at the close of the war they freed their black slaves and admitted them to tribal citizenship, but in 2007 the Cherokee voted to strip the descendants of those slaves of their citizenship; the change took effect in 2011 after it was upheld by the tribal supreme court. 5 0 obj x U#b4lEDd$,l 4kC KL3f58kdI&Fq703$3/y]T_nr|nS~[>GIPE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@PE@P$,6}_j}*K}ix s( I&&{rVT@%JU+8&44k@"@U(sewr TXierXmXlBg1Dn5w]dXeqHqipEp=_~Exg_^Q?aP?QWD|!2e;u J*!BxHgtJVLkUR;(s'$-7?a)+JkFnBd\L%Iu/ Write a paragraph defending your position. [83] During the colonial era, Carolinian settlers purchased or impressed Cherokees as slaves during the late 17th and early 18th century. He helped guide the United States through the U.S. Civil War. According to Cherokee vs. Georgia, is the Cherokee Nation an independent nation? Students use crayons to color a map of Native American tribal regions found in the United States. This has been the traditional territory of the Haudenosaunee nations and other Iroquoian-speaking peoples. It forwards its recommendations to the Assistant Secretary - Indian Affairs for consideration.[105]. We have a huge collection of Social Studies worksheets. ReadWorks | Award-Winning, EdTech Nonprofit Organization 3. Some states required voters be able to read and write to prevent former African American slaves from voting. Once married, the man had status as an "Intermarried White," a member of the Cherokee tribe with restricted rights; for instance, he could not hold any tribal office. Brush up on your geography and finally learn what countries are in Eastern Europe with our maps. Tsalagi () is the Cherokee word for the Cherokee language.[15]. Morand, Ann, Kevin Smith, Daniel C. Swan, and Sarah Erwin. When Sequoyah taught children to read and write with the syllabary, he reached the adults. They had developed a police force, a judicial system, and a National Committee. Cherokee. These Cherokees became known as "Old Settlers. 6 0 obj Today, three Cherokee tribes are federally recognized: the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (UKB) in Oklahoma, the Cherokee Nation (CN) in Oklahoma, and the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) in North Carolina. C. The United States has many small political parties that work to help American voters. They also tended to support the Revolution. : Deeds' head Reisinger chronicles Cherokee land cessions, broken treaties that litter the history of Buncombe County", "Answer Man: Did the Cherokee live on Biltmore Estate lands? Russell (2002) p. 70. [62] William Holland Thomas, a white store owner and state legislator from Jackson County, North Carolina, helped over 600 Cherokee from Qualla Town obtain North Carolina citizenship, which exempted them from forced removal. In 1829, gold was discovered at Dahlonega, on Cherokee land claimed by Georgia. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. Unlike most other Native American tribes in the American Southeast at the start of the historic era, the Cherokee and Tuscarora people spoke Iroquoian languages. Start studying Cherokee. [74] The matrilineal culture meant that women controlled property, such as their dwellings, and their children were considered born into their mother's clan, where they gained hereditary status. The three federally recognized groups note that they are the only groups having the legal right to present themselves as Cherokee Indian Tribes and only their enrolled members are legally Cherokee.[104]. In 1657, there was a disturbance in Virginia Colony as the Rechahecrians or Rickahockans, as well as the Siouan Manahoac and Nahyssan, broke through the frontier and settled near the Falls of the James River, near present-day Richmond, Virginia. 9. For Indian Territory, this meant the abolition of the Cherokee courts and governmental systems.

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